Issuer:
Bonds can be issued by various entities, including governments (government bonds), local governments or municipalities (municipal bonds), and corporations (corporate bonds). Each issuer has its own creditworthiness, which affects the risk associated with the bond.

Coupon Rate:
The coupon rate is the fixed interest rate that the bond pays out annually or semi-annually based on its face value. For instance, a bond with a $1,000 face value and a 5% coupon rate would provide $50 in interest annually.

Maturity Date:
This is the date on which the bond reaches the end of its term, and the issuer is required to repay the principal amount to the bondholder. Maturity periods can vary from short-term (a few months) to long-term (several decades).

Face Value/Par Value:
The face value, also known as the par value, is the initial price at which the bond is issued. It is the amount that the issuer promises to repay to the bondholder at maturity.

Yield:
Bond yield represents the effective annual return on investment, factoring in both the coupon payments and any potential capital gains or losses if the bond is bought or sold before maturity.

Market Price:
The price of a bond in the secondary market (after issuance) can vary from its face value. It is influenced by changes in interest rates, issuer credit quality, and overall market conditions.

Credit Rating:
Independent credit rating agencies assign ratings to bonds based on the issuer’s creditworthiness. Higher-rated bonds are considered less risky and typically offer lower yields, while lower-rated bonds offer higher yields to compensate for the increased risk.

Bond Types:
There are various types of bonds, including government bonds (Treasuries, Gilts), corporate bonds (investment-grade, high-yield), municipal bonds (tax-exempt), and international bonds. Some bonds also have special features like convertible bonds (can be converted into company stock) and callable bonds (issuer can redeem them before maturity).

Interest Rate Risk:
Bond prices are inversely related to interest rates. When interest rates rise, existing bond prices tend to fall, and vice versa. This interest rate risk can impact the value of bonds in the secondary market.